WEBVTT00:00:06.800 --> 00:00:08.480大家好今天和大家聊一下00:00:08.480 --> 00:00:10.500春季传染病的预防00:00:11.640 --> 00:00:14.440将从以下几个方面来进行介绍00:00:14.440 --> 00:00:16.200第一是什么是传染病00:00:16.200 --> 00:00:19.940第二是为什么春季传染性疾病多发00:00:20.320 --> 00:00:20.880三是00:00:20.880 --> 00:00:24.460春季校园常见传染病的种类及预防00:00:25.040 --> 00:00:28.540第四是春季传染病的一些预防措施00:00:31.200 --> 00:00:33.420首先看一下什么是传染病00:00:33.920 --> 00:00:34.240传染病00:00:34.240 --> 00:00:37.420是自然界广泛存在的一类病毒00:00:37.680 --> 00:00:41.160目前为止发现传染病仅通传染病00:00:41.160 --> 00:00:43.280病毒可感染00:00:43.280 --> 00:00:44.920可引起人呼吸道00:00:44.920 --> 00:00:47.620消化道和神经系统的疾病00:00:49.280 --> 00:00:50.720为什么春季传染病00:00:50.720 --> 00:00:52.620传染性疾病多发呢00:00:53.160 --> 00:00:55.860首先是气温的变化莫测00:00:56.440 --> 00:00:58.040忽冷忽热的气温变化00:00:58.040 --> 00:01:00.500使得机体调整失去了平衡00:01:00.760 --> 00:01:03.040尤其是天气变冷的时候00:01:03.040 --> 00:01:05.380特别容易出现患病00:01:07.040 --> 00:01:10.180第二是病原微生物的生长活跃00:01:10.720 --> 00:01:11.560春季到来00:01:11.560 --> 00:01:12.760万物复苏00:01:12.760 --> 00:01:14.240环境中的细菌00:01:14.240 --> 00:01:17.500病毒已随之进入活跃繁殖期00:01:17.680 --> 00:01:20.900为疾病传播奠定了很好的基础00:01:22.920 --> 00:01:26.080同时在人体的呼吸道黏膜00:01:26.080 --> 00:01:28.000在屏屏障的作用下00:01:28.000 --> 00:01:29.920因为春季的气候干00:01:29.920 --> 00:01:31.580春季的气候干燥00:01:31.800 --> 00:01:33.100人体缺水00:01:33.360 --> 00:01:35.540呼吸道黏膜失去了滋润00:01:35.840 --> 00:01:37.380黏膜细胞脱落00:01:37.480 --> 00:01:39.180屏障作用下降00:01:39.280 --> 00:01:42.500也会导致呼吸道传染病的多发00:01:43.560 --> 00:01:46.740再一点是春季的人口流动量大00:01:48.080 --> 00:01:49.440捂了一个冬天的人们00:01:49.440 --> 00:01:51.680在春季纷纷走出家门00:01:51.680 --> 00:01:52.920或外出打工00:01:52.920 --> 00:01:54.620或到闹市交易00:01:54.800 --> 00:01:56.420人口流动频繁00:01:56.840 --> 00:02:00.300也为也为病菌的传播提供了方便00:02:04.840 --> 00:02:05.800接下来看一下00:02:05.800 --> 00:02:08.060春季校园常见的传染病00:02:08.760 --> 00:02:12.360常见的传染病种类有流行性感冒00:02:12.360 --> 00:02:13.540手足口病00:02:13.800 --> 00:02:15.520水痘结核病00:02:15.520 --> 00:02:17.180流行性腮腺炎00:02:17.320 --> 00:02:20.300诺如病毒引起的感染性腹泻等00:02:20.960 --> 00:02:23.640下面为大家简单介绍一下00:02:23.640 --> 00:02:25.540这几种传染病00:02:26.920 --> 00:02:28.820首先是流行性感冒00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:30.500它的传播途径00:02:30.640 --> 00:02:34.180主要是以空气飞沫直接传播为主00:02:34.400 --> 00:02:37.020也可通过被病毒感染的物品00:02:37.080 --> 00:02:38.140间接传播00:02:38.600 --> 00:02:40.620主要症状有发热00:02:40.800 --> 00:02:44.420全身酸痛咽痛咳嗽等症状00:02:46.800 --> 00:02:49.580人群的话对流感普遍易感00:02:49.920 --> 00:02:51.900病后有一定的免疫力00:02:51.920 --> 00:02:53.780但维持的时间不长00:02:54.200 --> 00:02:56.120病毒不断发生变异00:02:56.120 --> 00:02:58.580可引起反复感染发病00:03:02.280 --> 00:03:04.860接下来介绍是流行性腮腺炎00:03:05.240 --> 00:03:09.700它的主要症状本病大多数器病较急00:03:09.720 --> 00:03:10.900有发热00:03:10.960 --> 00:03:14.980畏寒头痛咽痛等全身不适症状00:03:15.320 --> 00:03:19.660患者一侧或双侧耳下腮腺肿大疼痛00:03:19.920 --> 00:03:21.300咀嚼时更痛00:03:21.600 --> 00:03:23.300并发症有脑膜炎00:03:23.360 --> 00:03:26.620心肌炎卵巢炎或睾丸炎等00:03:26.960 --> 00:03:29.420整个病程约七到十二天00:03:30.320 --> 00:03:31.360易感人群00:03:31.360 --> 00:03:34.940多见于五到十五岁儿童和青少年00:03:35.520 --> 00:03:38.620一次感染后可获得终生免疫00:03:57.080 --> 00:03:58.860接下来是手足口病00:03:59.240 --> 00:04:00.080手足口病00:04:00.080 --> 00:04:03.820是由肠道病毒引起的急性传染病00:04:04.000 --> 00:04:06.380多发生于学龄前儿童00:04:06.560 --> 00:04:10.580尤其三岁以下年龄发病率较高00:04:10.960 --> 00:04:13.780他的主要症状有发热00:04:14.240 --> 00:04:17.700部分患儿会出现低热或中度发热00:04:18.000 --> 00:04:20.740少数体温可达三十九度以上00:04:21.680 --> 00:04:26.220皮疹手足口臀等部位00:04:27.440 --> 00:04:29.900会出现散在的皮疹或疱疹00:04:30.480 --> 00:04:33.340口腔内疱疹已破溃形成溃疡00:04:33.560 --> 00:04:36.580导致患儿口腔疼痛拒食00:04:38.080 --> 00:04:39.240传播途径的话00:04:39.240 --> 00:04:42.100有一是密切接触传播00:04:42.520 --> 00:04:45.160接触患者的粪便疱疹液00:04:45.160 --> 00:04:46.640呼吸道分泌物00:04:46.640 --> 00:04:50.340以及被污染的手毛巾玩具等00:04:51.160 --> 00:04:53.540第二是呼吸道飞沫传播00:04:53.920 --> 00:04:55.880患者咳嗽打喷嚏时00:04:55.880 --> 00:04:57.820飞沫可传播病毒00:04:59.280 --> 00:05:02.360它的处理和预防治疗的话00:05:02.360 --> 00:05:04.880目前无特效抗病毒药物00:05:04.880 --> 00:05:06.780主要采取对症治疗00:05:06.800 --> 00:05:08.700如退热止痛00:05:09.000 --> 00:05:11.460注意口腔和皮肤清洁00:05:11.680 --> 00:05:13.220防止继发感染00:05:13.680 --> 00:05:16.260多数患儿一周左右可自愈00:05:16.560 --> 00:05:20.180少数病情较重时需及时就医00:05:21.440 --> 00:05:24.020预防的话主要是勤洗手00:05:24.120 --> 00:05:26.460尤其是饭前便后00:05:26.960 --> 00:05:29.100避免接触患病儿童00:05:29.720 --> 00:05:33.980定期对玩具餐具等消毒00:05:37.240 --> 00:05:39.420接种手足口病疫苗00:05:39.440 --> 00:05:40.600可有效预防00:05:40.600 --> 00:05:44.980由手足口病病毒引起的重症病例00:05:52.840 --> 00:05:54.620接下来是水痘00:05:55.760 --> 00:05:57.400水痘是由水痘00:05:57.400 --> 00:05:58.840带状疱疹病毒00:05:58.840 --> 00:06:01.740初次感染引起的急性传染病00:06:02.240 --> 00:06:03.860多见于儿童00:06:05.640 --> 00:06:06.780传染性强00:06:07.960 --> 00:06:11.940主要症状分为前驱期和初诊期00:06:12.480 --> 00:06:17.580前驱期感染后约十到二十一天发病00:06:18.040 --> 00:06:20.200发病前一到两天00:06:20.200 --> 00:06:23.380可能出现低热头痛乏力00:06:23.840 --> 00:06:25.500食欲下降等症状00:06:26.800 --> 00:06:30.220出疹期随后出现皮疹00:06:30.680 --> 00:06:33.420首先发生于躯干和头部00:06:34.080 --> 00:06:36.580逐渐蔓延至面部和四肢00:06:36.920 --> 00:06:39.500皮疹初期为红色斑疹00:06:40.000 --> 00:06:41.960数小时后变为丘疹00:06:41.960 --> 00:06:43.660并发展成疱疹00:06:44.160 --> 00:06:46.620疱疹内充满清亮液体00:06:46.960 --> 00:06:48.100容易破溃00:06:48.160 --> 00:06:49.460事后结痂00:06:50.120 --> 00:06:51.900皮疹分批出现00:06:52.000 --> 00:06:54.360因此可同时见到斑疹00:06:54.360 --> 00:06:58.740丘疹疱疹和结痂等不同阶段的皮疹00:07:01.160 --> 00:07:02.700它的传播途径00:07:03.320 --> 00:07:05.920主要包括呼吸道飞沫传播00:07:05.920 --> 00:07:07.740和接触传播00:07:08.640 --> 00:07:13.140呼吸道飞沫传播患者咳嗽打喷嚏时00:07:13.520 --> 00:07:16.900病毒随飞沫散播到空气中00:07:17.160 --> 00:07:19.220被他人吸入而感染00:07:20.040 --> 00:07:23.240接触传播接触患者的疱疹液00:07:23.240 --> 00:07:26.680或被污染的衣物用具等也可00:07:26.680 --> 00:07:28.220也可发生感染00:07:30.360 --> 00:07:35.620处理和预防治疗水痘为自限性疾病00:07:35.840 --> 00:07:37.520无特效治疗药物00:07:37.520 --> 00:07:39.380主要是对症处理00:07:39.680 --> 00:07:42.180发热时可使用退热药物00:07:42.400 --> 00:07:44.180主要是对症治疗00:07:47.200 --> 00:07:48.820保持皮肤清洁00:07:49.000 --> 00:07:50.860避免搔抓疱疹00:07:51.160 --> 00:07:52.820以防继发感染00:07:53.440 --> 00:07:55.120瘙痒明显时可用00:07:55.120 --> 00:07:57.620可外用炉甘石洗剂00:07:58.040 --> 00:08:01.940疱疹破溃后可涂抗生素软膏00:08:03.280 --> 00:08:04.080预防00:08:06.240 --> 00:08:10.100接种水痘疫苗是最有效的预防措施00:08:10.360 --> 00:08:12.540避免接触水痘患者00:08:13.240 --> 00:08:17.900患者应隔离至全部疱疹结痂为止00:08:18.280 --> 00:08:20.060期间注意休息00:08:20.120 --> 00:08:21.980保持室内通风00:08:30.520 --> 00:08:32.920接下来是结核病结00:08:32.920 --> 00:08:34.320核病是由结核00:08:34.320 --> 00:08:37.380分枝杆菌引起的慢性传染病00:08:37.800 --> 00:08:39.980可侵犯人体多个器官00:08:40.520 --> 00:08:44.060其中以肺结核最为常见00:08:46.040 --> 00:08:50.480肺结核的典型症状包括咳嗽咳痰00:08:50.480 --> 00:08:52.180持续两周以上00:08:52.520 --> 00:08:57.100部分患者伴有咯血胸痛呼吸困难00:08:57.400 --> 00:08:59.240还可能出现低热00:08:59.240 --> 00:09:01.300多为午后低热00:09:01.680 --> 00:09:04.940盗汗乏力食欲减退00:09:05.280 --> 00:09:07.660体重减轻等全身症状00:09:08.480 --> 00:09:10.140其他部位结合00:09:10.840 --> 00:09:14.660如淋巴结核可表现为淋巴结肿大00:09:14.960 --> 00:09:17.760五结核可能出现关节疼痛00:09:17.760 --> 00:09:20.440活动受限等症状00:09:20.440 --> 00:09:23.900因感染部位不同而有所差异00:09:25.560 --> 00:09:30.780传播途径主要通过呼吸道飞沫传播00:09:31.440 --> 00:09:36.740肺结核患者咳嗽打喷嚏大声说话时00:09:37.200 --> 00:09:40.860排出的飞沫中含有结核杆菌00:09:41.320 --> 00:09:45.060健康人吸入后可能被感染00:09:45.880 --> 00:09:47.040少数情况下00:09:47.040 --> 00:09:51.260可经消化道皮肤等途径传播00:09:51.720 --> 00:09:53.380但较为罕见00:09:55.120 --> 00:09:56.780处理与预防00:09:58.280 --> 00:10:01.060治疗一旦确诊00:10:01.160 --> 00:10:04.100需遵循早期规律00:10:04.160 --> 00:10:07.840全程适量联合的原则00:10:07.840 --> 00:10:10.380进行抗结核药物治疗00:10:10.920 --> 00:10:15.760常用药物包括易烟碱利福平体00:10:15.760 --> 00:10:16.480氰酰胺00:10:16.480 --> 00:10:20.540的疗程通常为六至十二个月00:10:21.400 --> 00:10:23.700具体需根据病情而定00:10:24.360 --> 00:10:26.000不规不规范治疗00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:30.420易导致复发或产生耐药性耐药性00:10:31.960 --> 00:10:32.760预防00:10:33.920 --> 00:10:35.200接种卡介苗00:10:35.200 --> 00:10:38.260可对儿童起到一定的保护作用00:10:39.480 --> 00:10:43.420避免与活动性肺结核患者密切接触00:10:44.160 --> 00:10:46.740接触时注意佩戴口罩00:10:47.480 --> 00:10:49.660保持室内通风00:10:50.440 --> 00:10:51.460勤洗手00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:54.060增强自身免疫力00:10:54.520 --> 00:10:59.940如规律作息均衡饮食适度运动等00:11:06.640 --> 00:11:08.940接下来是感染性腹泻00:11:10.680 --> 00:11:13.840感染性腹泻是由病原微生物00:11:13.840 --> 00:11:18.960如细菌病毒寄生虫等感染所引起的00:11:18.960 --> 00:11:21.200以腹泻为主要症状的00:11:21.200 --> 00:11:23.700一组肠肠道传染病00:11:25.040 --> 00:11:28.820它的主要症状分为轻症和重症00:11:29.760 --> 00:11:33.420轻症一般表现为大便次数增多00:11:33.840 --> 00:11:36.180可为稀便水样便00:11:36.920 --> 00:11:38.040可能伴有轻00:11:38.040 --> 00:11:41.620度腹痛恶心呕吐等症状00:11:42.600 --> 00:11:45.980通常不伴有发热或仅有低热00:11:47.960 --> 00:11:49.920重症腹泻频繁00:11:49.920 --> 00:11:52.300可出现大量水样便00:11:52.640 --> 00:11:55.700导致脱水电解质紊乱00:11:56.280 --> 00:12:00.500表现为口渴尿少皮肤干燥00:12:01.080 --> 00:12:02.500眼窝凹陷等00:12:03.280 --> 00:12:06.900还可能伴有高热剧烈腹痛00:12:07.200 --> 00:12:08.620严重呕吐等00:12:09.560 --> 00:12:11.220若不及时治疗00:12:11.360 --> 00:12:12.980可危及生命00:12:15.400 --> 00:12:16.340传播途径00:12:17.680 --> 00:12:20.060包括经水传播00:12:20.400 --> 00:12:21.860经食物传播00:12:22.440 --> 00:12:26.300接触传播昆虫媒介传播等00:12:27.400 --> 00:12:28.660经水传播00:12:29.240 --> 00:12:31.860如果水源被病原体污染00:12:32.120 --> 00:12:34.340人们饮用后可能感染00:12:34.840 --> 00:12:35.640例如00:12:36.720 --> 00:12:38.480一些地区的饮用水00:12:38.480 --> 00:12:40.580受到霍乱弧菌感染00:12:41.040 --> 00:12:42.200会引发霍乱00:12:42.200 --> 00:12:44.500这种严重的感染性腹泻00:12:45.880 --> 00:12:47.340经食物传播00:12:48.040 --> 00:12:49.880食用被污染的食物00:12:49.880 --> 00:12:51.780是常见的传播途径00:12:52.760 --> 00:12:53.200比如00:12:53.200 --> 00:12:56.460使用了被大肠杆菌污染的凉拌菜00:12:56.800 --> 00:12:58.180变质的肉类等00:12:59.320 --> 00:13:00.540接触传播00:13:02.160 --> 00:13:04.540通过接触被污染的物品00:13:04.920 --> 00:13:07.620再经手接触口腔而感染00:13:08.200 --> 00:13:08.480如00:13:08.480 --> 00:13:11.940接触了被诺如病毒污染的门把手后00:13:12.440 --> 00:13:14.980没有洗手就拿食物吃00:13:18.160 --> 00:13:19.780昆虫媒介传播00:13:20.600 --> 00:13:25.260苍蝇蟑螂等昆虫可能携带病原体00:13:25.600 --> 00:13:27.460污染食物和水源00:13:28.080 --> 00:13:28.960从而传播00:13:28.960 --> 00:13:30.420感染性腹泻00:13:32.760 --> 00:13:34.540处理与治疗00:13:36.360 --> 00:13:39.380治疗包括补液治疗和药物治疗00:13:39.800 --> 00:13:41.280根据脱水程度00:13:41.280 --> 00:13:44.980可口服补液盐或进行静脉补液00:13:45.000 --> 00:13:48.540以纠正纠正脱水和电解质紊乱00:13:50.160 --> 00:13:52.980这是治疗感染性腹泻的关键措施00:13:53.520 --> 00:13:54.580药物治疗00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:58.260针对不同病原体使用相应的药物00:13:58.480 --> 00:14:01.980如细菌感染可选用敏感的抗生素00:14:02.240 --> 00:14:04.540但必但需避免滥用00:14:05.040 --> 00:14:08.120病毒感染一般以对症治疗为主00:14:08.120 --> 00:14:11.940可使用肠黏膜保护剂如蒙脱石散00:14:12.320 --> 00:14:16.220微生态制剂如双歧杆菌等改善症状00:14:17.480 --> 00:14:20.820预防包括注意饮水卫生00:14:21.040 --> 00:14:23.980饮用开水或经过净化处理的水00:14:24.560 --> 00:14:26.140确保食品安全00:14:26.320 --> 00:14:27.620不吃变质00:14:27.640 --> 00:14:28.860不节食物00:14:29.520 --> 00:14:30.840食物要煮熟煮00:14:30.840 --> 00:14:31.640透00:14:31.920 --> 00:14:34.460尤其是肉类蛋类和海鲜00:14:35.320 --> 00:14:37.700保持良好的个人卫生习惯00:14:37.960 --> 00:14:41.100勤洗手特别是在饭前便后00:14:41.480 --> 00:14:43.740注意餐具的清洁和消毒00:14:44.600 --> 00:14:46.480加强环境卫生管理00:14:46.480 --> 00:14:48.700消灭苍蝇蟑螂等害虫00:14:49.040 --> 00:14:51.580做好粪便和污水的处理00:14:52.320 --> 00:14:54.280对于一些高危人群00:14:54.280 --> 00:14:58.020如儿童老年人免疫力低下者00:14:58.480 --> 00:15:01.400可根据情况接种相关疫苗00:15:01.400 --> 00:15:03.820如轮状疫苗病毒等00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:20.580无针对性疫苗外00:15:21.000 --> 00:15:22.220其余疫苗00:15:23.320 --> 00:15:26.100其余均有疫苗可以预防接种00:15:27.320 --> 00:15:29.620如果家中有漏种的00:15:29.680 --> 00:15:32.680要及时到社区卫生服务中心00:15:32.680 --> 00:15:34.980或乡镇卫生院接种00:15:35.640 --> 00:15:38.660接种疫苗是预防传染病的最佳手段00:15:40.280 --> 00:15:41.920其次是科学穿衣00:15:41.920 --> 00:15:44.940遵循传统的春捂秋冻的规律00:15:45.280 --> 00:15:47.440初春不要着急脱去冬装00:15:47.440 --> 00:15:49.460尤其要注意脚部保暖00:15:49.760 --> 00:15:52.340根据天气变化和体质情况00:15:52.400 --> 00:15:53.980适时增减衣物00:15:55.400 --> 00:15:57.880接下来是勤洗手强防护00:15:57.880 --> 00:15:59.040注意手卫生00:15:59.040 --> 00:16:01.000餐前便后外出回家00:16:01.000 --> 00:16:02.840接触垃圾抚摸动物后00:16:02.840 --> 00:16:04.100要记得洗手00:16:04.600 --> 00:16:08.300洗手时要注意流动水和和使用肥皂00:16:08.520 --> 00:16:10.420肥皂皂液洗手00:16:10.440 --> 00:16:12.940揉搓时间不少于十五秒00:16:15.320 --> 00:16:17.200洗手法包括第一步00:16:17.200 --> 00:16:19.260双手掌心相对摩擦00:16:19.320 --> 00:16:22.040第二步双手掌心向下相叠00:16:22.040 --> 00:16:24.780十指交叉摩擦指缝和手背00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:26.460双手位置交换00:16:26.800 --> 00:16:27.520第三步00:16:27.520 --> 00:16:30.740十指相握相对摩擦指尖和甲沟00:16:31.560 --> 00:16:32.780好谢谢大家