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class="text-gray-700 leading-relaxed"><p>　　常见症状：咳嗽、咳痰、气喘</p><p>　　1.急性支气管炎</p><p>　　急性支气管炎发病初期常常表现为上呼吸道感染症状，患者通常有鼻塞、流清涕、咽痛和声音嘶哑等临床表现。而全身症状较为轻微，但可出现低热、畏寒、周身乏力，自觉咽喉部发痒，并有刺激性咳嗽及胸骨后疼痛。早期痰量不多，但痰液不易咳出，2～3日后痰液可由黏液性转为黏液脓性。患者受凉、吸入冷空气或刺激性气体可使咳嗽加剧或诱发咳嗽。患者晨起时或夜间咳嗽常较显著。咳嗽也可为阵发性，有时呈持久性咳嗽。咳嗽剧烈时常常伴有恶心、呕吐及胸部、腹部肌肉疼痛。如伴有支气管痉挛，可有哮鸣和气急。一般而言，急性支气管炎的病程有一定的自限性，全身症状可在4～5天内消退，但咳嗽有时可延长数周。</p><p>　　查体有时可发现干性啰音，咳嗽后消失;肺底部偶可听到湿性啰音，伴有支气管痉挛时，可听到哮鸣音。通常白细胞计数正常，胸部X线片检查也无异常发现。</p><p>　　2.慢性支气管炎</p><p>　　慢性支气管炎是指除外慢性咳嗽的其他各种原因后，患者每年慢性咳嗽、咳痰三个月以上，并连续二年。并不一定伴有持续存在的气流受限。</p><p>　　(1)咳嗽 长期、反复、逐渐加重的咳嗽是本病的突出表现。轻者仅在冬春季节发病，尤以清晨起床前后最明显，白天咳嗽较少。夏秋季节，咳嗽减轻或消失。重症患者则四季均咳，冬春加剧，日夜咳嗽，早晚尤为剧烈。</p><p>　　(2)咳痰 一般痰呈白色黏液泡沫状，晨起较多，常因黏稠而不易咯出。在感染或受寒后症状迅速加剧，痰量增多，黏度增加，或呈黄色脓性痰或伴有喘息。偶因剧咳而痰中带血。</p><p>　　(3)气喘 当合并呼吸道感染时，由于细支气管黏膜充血水肿，痰液阻塞及支气管管腔狭窄，可以产生气喘(喘息)症状。患者咽喉部在呼吸时发生喘鸣声，肺部听诊时有哮鸣音。</p><p>　　(4)反复感染 寒冷季节或气温骤变时，容易发生反复的呼吸道感染。此时患者气喘加重，痰量明显增多且呈脓性，伴有全身乏力，畏寒、发热等。肺部出现湿性音，查血白细胞计数增加等。反复的呼吸道感染尤其易使老年患者的病情恶化，必须予以充分重视。</p></div></div></section><section id="disease-section-80096" class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-3.5"><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-2">检查</h2><div><div class="text-gray-700 leading-relaxed"><p>　　检查项目：血常规、胸片、痰培养</p><p>　　1.白细胞分类计数 ：缓解期患者白细胞总数及区别计数多正常。急性发作期并发细菌感染时白细胞总数和中性粒细胞可升高。合并哮喘的患者血嗜酸性粒细胞可增多。</p><p>　　2.痰液检查： 急性发作期痰液外观多呈脓性。涂片检查可见大量中性粒细胞，合并哮喘者可见较多的嗜酸性粒细胞。痰培养可见肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌及卡他摩拉菌等生长。</p><p>　　3.肺功能检查：一秒用力呼气量和一秒用力呼出量/用力肺活量比值早期多无明显变化。当出现气流受阻时，第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV 1)和FEV 1与肺活量(VC)或用力肺活量(FVC)的比值则减少(&lt;70%)。当小气道阻塞时，最大呼气流速-容量曲线在75%和50%肺容量时的流量可明显降低。闭合容积可增大。</p><p>　　4.X线检查 :早期可无明显改变。反复急性发作者可见两肺纹理增粗、紊乱，呈网状或条索状及斑点状阴影，以下肺野为明显。此系由于支气管管壁增厚，细支气管或肺泡间质炎症细胞浸润或纤维化所致。</p></div></div></section><section id="disease-section-80097" class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-3.5"><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-2">鉴别</h2><div><div class="text-gray-700 leading-relaxed"><p>　　1、支气管哮喘：喘息型慢性支气管炎应与支气管哮喘相鉴别。哮喘常于幼年或青年突然起病，一般无慢性咳嗽、咳痰史，以发作性哮喘为特征。发作时两肺布满哮鸣音，缓解后可无症状，常有个人或家族过敏性疾病史。喘息型慢性支气管炎多见于中、老年，一般以咳嗽、咳痰伴发喘息及哮鸣音为主要临床表现，感染控制后症状多可缓解，但肺部可听到哮鸣音。典型病例不难区别，但哮喘并发慢支和(或)肺气肿则难予区别。</p><p>　　2、支气管扩张：具有咳嗽、咳痰反复发作的特点，合并感染时有大量脓痰，或有反复和多、少不等的咯血史。肺部以湿口罗音为主，多位于一侧且固定在下肺。可有杵状指(趾)。X线检查常见下肺纹理粗乱或呈卷发状。支气管造影或CT检查可以鉴别。</p><p>　　3、肺结核：肺结核患者多有结核中毒症状或局部症状(如发热、乏力、盗汗、消瘦、咯血等)。经X线检查和痰结核菌检查可以明确诊断。</p><p>　　4、肺癌：患者年龄常在40岁以上，特别是有多年吸烟史，发生刺激性咳嗽，常有反复发生或持续的血痰，或者慢性咳嗽性质发生改变。X线检查可发现有块状阴影或结节状阴影，或阻塞性肺炎，经抗生素治疗，未能完全消散，应考虑肺癌的可能。查痰脱落细胞及经纤维支气管镜活检一般可明确诊断。</p><p>　　5、矽肺及其他尘肺：有粉尘和职业病接触史。X线检查有矽结节、肺门阴影扩大、肺纹理增多。</p></div></div></section><section id="disease-section-80098" class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-3.5"><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-2">并发症</h2><div><div class="text-gray-700 leading-relaxed"><p>　　1、阻塞性肺气肿：是慢性支气管炎最常见的并发症，患者肺泡壁纤维组织弥漫性增生。加上管腔狭窄和痰液阻塞，呼气不畅，故可发生阻塞性肺气肿。</p><p>　　2、支气管肺炎:慢性支气管炎症蔓延至支气管周围肺组织中，患者有寒战、发热，咳嗽增剧，痰量增多，且呈脓性。白细胞总数及中性粒细胞增多。X线检查，两下肺叶有斑点状或小片状阴影。</p><p>　　3、支气管扩张：慢性支气管炎反复发作，支气管粘膜充血、水肿，形成溃疡，管壁纤维组织增生，管腔或多或少变形，扩张或狭窄。扩张部分多呈柱状变化。百日咳、麻疹或肺炎后所形成的支气管扩张常呈柱状或囊状，且较慢性支气管炎所致扩张为严重。</p></div></div></section><section id="disease-section-80099" class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-3.5"><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-2">预防</h2><div><div class="text-gray-700 leading-relaxed"><p>　　1.积极控制感染，在急性期，遵照医嘱，选择有效的抗菌药物治疗。常用药物有：复方磺胺甲醛异恶挫、强力毒素、红霉素、青霉素等。治疗无效时，也可以选用病人未用过或少用的药物，如麦迪霉素、螺旋霉素、先锋霉素等。在急性感染控制后，及时停用抗菌药物，以免长期应用引起副作用。</p><p>　　2.戒烟，慢性支气管炎患者不但要首先戒烟，而且还要避免被动吸烟，因为烟中的化学物质如焦油、尼古丁、氰氢酸等，可作用于植物神经，引起支气管的痉挛，从而增加呼吸道阻力;另外，还可损伤支气管粘膜上皮细胞及其纤毛，使支气管粘膜分泌物增多，降低肺的净化功能，易引起病原菌在肺及支气管内的繁殖，致慢性支气管炎的发生。</p><p>　　3.促使排痰，急性期患者在使用抗菌药物的同时，应用镇咳、祛痰药物。对年老体弱无力咳痰的病人或痰量较多的病人，应以祛痰为主，不宜选用强烈镇咳药，以免抑制中枢神经加重呼吸道炎症，导致病情恶化。帮助危重病人定时变换体位，轻轻按摩病人胸背，可以促使痰液排出。</p><p>　　4.保持良好的家庭环境卫生，室内空气流通新鲜，有一定湿度，控制和消除各种有害气体和烟尘，戒除吸烟的习惯，注意保暖。室内空气补充负离子。小粒径高活性的空气负离子能有效加强气管粘膜上皮的纤毛运动，影响上皮绒毛内呼吸酶的活性，改善肺泡的分泌功能及肺的通气和换气功能，从而有效缓解支气管炎。</p><p>　　5.加强体育锻炼，增强体质，提高呼吸道的抵抗力，加强体育锻炼提高自身的身体素质，要可根据自身体质选择医疗保健操、太极拳、五禽戏等项目，坚持锻炼，能提高机体抗病能力，活动量以无明显气急、心跳加速及过分疲劳为度。慢性支气管炎患者在缓解期要作适当的体育锻炼，以提高机体的免疫能力和心、肺的贮备能力。当然只靠加强锻炼是不够的，要配合使用一些国内常用的医疗器械，哮喘治疗、带以调节和改善脏腑器官的机能，哮喘治疗带是准字号的医疗器械，以中医经络针灸理论为基础，采用高科技材料钕铁硼磁体，作用于人体任督二脉、手太阴肺经、手少阴心经、以及心俞、肺俞、膻中、大椎等穴位从给根本上调节脏腑器官的机能，达到通调气机、活血化痰、宣肺平喘、消炎镇痛的目的。防止上呼吸道感染，避免吸入有害物质及过敏原，可预防或减少本病发生。</p><p>　　6.在气候变化和寒冷季节，注意及时添减衣服，避免受凉感冒，预防流感。注意观察病情变化，掌握发病规律，以便事先采取措施。如果病人出现呼吸困难，嘴唇，指甲发紫，下肢浮肿，神志恍惚，嗜睡，要及时送医院治疗。</p></div></div></section><section id="disease-section-80100" class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-3.5"><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-2">治疗</h2><div><div class="text-gray-700 leading-relaxed"><p>　　1.患者有全身症状时，应注意休息和保暖</p><p>　　治疗的目的是减轻症状和改善机体的功能。患者常常需要补充液体和应用退热药物。可适当应用镇咳药物。痰量较多或较黏时，可应用祛痰剂。</p><p>　　2.急性支气管炎的患者</p><p>　　对抗菌药物并无明显的治疗效果，在治疗急性支气管炎患者时应避免滥用抗菌药物。但如果患者出现发热、脓性痰和重症咳嗽，则为应用抗菌药物的指征。对急性支气管炎的患者应用抗菌药物治疗，可应用针对肺炎衣原体和肺炎支原体的抗菌药物，如红霉素，也可选用克拉霉素或阿奇霉素。流行性感冒流行期间，如有急性支气管炎的表现应该应用抗流感的治疗措施。</p><p>　　3.慢性支气管炎急性加重期治疗</p><p>　　(1)控制感染 视感染的主要致病菌和严重程度或根据病原菌药敏结果选用抗菌药物。如果患者有脓性痰，为应用抗菌药物的指证。轻症可口服，较重患者用肌注或静脉滴注抗菌药物。常用的有青霉素G、红霉素、氨基甙类、喹诺酮类、头孢菌素类抗菌药物等。</p><p>　　(2)祛痰、镇咳 对急性发作期患者在抗感染治疗的同时，应用祛痰药及镇咳药物，以改善症状。常用药物有氯化铵合剂、溴已新、氨溴索、羧甲半胱氨酸和强力稀化粘素等。中成药止咳也有一定效果。对老年体弱无力咳痰者或痰量较多者，应协助排痰，畅通呼吸道。应避免应用镇咳剂，以免抑制中枢及加重呼吸道阻塞和产生并发症。</p><p>　　(3)解痉、平喘药物 常选用氨茶碱、特布他林等口服，或用沙丁胺醇等短效支气管舒张剂吸入。若持续存在气流受限，需要进行肺功能检查。如果明确慢阻肺的诊断，必要时使用长效支气管舒张剂吸入、或糖皮质激素加长效支气管舒张剂吸入。</p><p>　　(4)雾化疗法 雾化吸入可稀释气管内的分泌物，有利排痰。如痰液黏稠不易咳出，雾化吸入有一定帮助。</p><p>　　4.慢性支气管炎稳定期治疗</p><p>　　重视感冒的防治：感冒可使缓解期的患者旧病复发。在一个较长的时期内(至少1年),定期进行感冒的预防治疗是很重要的，可用流感疫苗，或服用预防感冒的中草药。</p></div></div></section><section id="disease-section-80101" class="border-b border-gray-200 pb-3.5"><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-2">饮食</h2><div><div class="text-gray-700 leading-relaxed"><p>　　1、苡米百合汤(中医验方)</p><p>　　配方：苡米200克，百合50克。</p><p>　　用法：将两味放入锅中，加水5碗，煎熬成3碗，分三次服，一日吃完。</p><p>　　2、鱼腥草蛋(中医验方)</p><p>　　配方：鱼腥草1把，鸡蛋数个。</p><p>　　用法：炖荷包蛋食数天可愈。</p></div></div></section><!--]--></div><!----><!----></div></div><div class="hidden md:block w-40 shrink-0"><div class="fixed top-[400px] mt-6"><div class="sticky top-4 z-50"><ul class="relative pl-4 py-2 w-full"><div class="absolute left-4 top-0 bottom-0 w-px bg-gray-200"></div><!--[--><li class="text-gray-600 hover:text-[#39A5E6] text-[#39A5E6] font-medium relative pl-6 py-2 cursor-pointer transition-all"><div class="!w-[17px] !h-[17px] !left-[-7px] !bg-[#ecf6fd] z-10 absolute left-[-3px] top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full bg-gray-500 transition-all"><div class="bg-blue-500 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full absolute top-1/2 left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2"></div></div><div class="w-0 h-0 border-t-4 border-b-4 border-l-8 border-transparent border-l-blue-50 rotate-180 absolute left-[17px] top-[17px]"></div><span class="bg-blue-50 text-[#39A5E6] inline-block px-2 py-0.5 rounded">概述</span></li><li class="text-gray-600 hover:text-[#39A5E6] relative pl-6 py-2 cursor-pointer transition-all"><div class="hover:bg-[#ecf6fd] absolute left-[-3px] top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full bg-gray-500 transition-all"><!----></div><!----><span class="bg-gray-50 text-gray-600 inline-block px-2 py-0.5 rounded">病因</span></li><li class="text-gray-600 hover:text-[#39A5E6] relative pl-6 py-2 cursor-pointer transition-all"><div class="hover:bg-[#ecf6fd] absolute left-[-3px] top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full bg-gray-500 transition-all"><!----></div><!----><span class="bg-gray-50 text-gray-600 inline-block px-2 py-0.5 rounded">症状</span></li><li class="text-gray-600 hover:text-[#39A5E6] relative pl-6 py-2 cursor-pointer transition-all"><div class="hover:bg-[#ecf6fd] absolute left-[-3px] top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full bg-gray-500 transition-all"><!----></div><!----><span class="bg-gray-50 text-gray-600 inline-block px-2 py-0.5 rounded">检查</span></li><li class="text-gray-600 hover:text-[#39A5E6] relative pl-6 py-2 cursor-pointer transition-all"><div class="hover:bg-[#ecf6fd] absolute left-[-3px] top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full bg-gray-500 transition-all"><!----></div><!----><span class="bg-gray-50 text-gray-600 inline-block px-2 py-0.5 rounded">鉴别</span></li><li class="text-gray-600 hover:text-[#39A5E6] relative pl-6 py-2 cursor-pointer transition-all"><div class="hover:bg-[#ecf6fd] absolute left-[-3px] top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full bg-gray-500 transition-all"><!----></div><!----><span class="bg-gray-50 text-gray-600 inline-block px-2 py-0.5 rounded">并发症</span></li><li class="text-gray-600 hover:text-[#39A5E6] relative pl-6 py-2 cursor-pointer transition-all"><div class="hover:bg-[#ecf6fd] absolute left-[-3px] top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full bg-gray-500 transition-all"><!----></div><!----><span class="bg-gray-50 text-gray-600 inline-block px-2 py-0.5 rounded">预防</span></li><li class="text-gray-600 hover:text-[#39A5E6] relative pl-6 py-2 cursor-pointer transition-all"><div class="hover:bg-[#ecf6fd] absolute left-[-3px] top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full bg-gray-500 transition-all"><!----></div><!----><span class="bg-gray-50 text-gray-600 inline-block px-2 py-0.5 rounded">治疗</span></li><li class="text-gray-600 hover:text-[#39A5E6] relative pl-6 py-2 cursor-pointer transition-all"><div class="hover:bg-[#ecf6fd] absolute left-[-3px] top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-[9px] h-[9px] rounded-full bg-gray-500 transition-all"><!----></div><!----><span class="bg-gray-50 text-gray-600 inline-block px-2 py-0.5 rounded">饮食</span></li><!--]--></ul></div></div></div></section></div><!--]--></main><footer class="bg-neutral text-neutral-content py-4" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter"><meta itemprop="name" content="好患教健康科普平台 - 页脚"><meta itemprop="description" content="好患教健康科普平台提供健康科普、医学科普、中医科普、儿童科普等内容，关注健康中国建设"><meta itemprop="keywords" content="好患教,科普,健康科普,医学科普,中医科普,儿童科普,健康中国"><div class="container mx-auto w-full max-w-full md:min-w-[768px] md:max-w-[992px] lg:max-w-[1140px] xl:max-w-[1440px] px-4 py-6"><div><h3 class="text-base mb-3">关注好患教健康科普平台</h3><div class="flex flex-col lg:flex-row"><div class="flex-[267] flex"><div class="flex-2 grid grid-cols-3 sm:grid-cols-3 gap-4"><div><div class="relative inline-block overflow-hidden w-[81px] h-[81px] object-cover rounded transition-transform"><!----><img data-nuxt-img="" 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