[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$f65-g5LTUgHIk8dGZIHhGe2pKpxnfW0g-O4HGxk3yxcs":3,"$fPoy5I4B918Vq-jx3WHYuNEBWyUhX7y20urQlCV5NAa8":8,"$fbw7B3Ki6uenuJU0Ge3QcFIeFr_UpNQ6WCrk2fgFkhfA":55,"$fhnKETbWpfqSNxaLHEB1-yYYsN7WdPSHbOx86VPMz2v8":59},{"code":4,"msg":5,"message":6,"data":6,"success":7},401,"认证失败，无法访问系统资源",null,false,{"code":9,"msg":10,"message":6,"data":11,"success":54},200,"操作成功",{"id":12,"specialistId":13,"specialistAssistants":14,"profilePhoto":15,"specialistName":16,"hospital":17,"department":18,"postsTitle":19,"materialTotal":20,"videoTotal":21,"isConcern":7,"title":22,"coverVertical":23,"coverAcross":24,"content":25,"description":26,"views":27,"likes":21,"isThumbsUp":7,"isCollection":7,"collections":21,"createTime":28,"seoTitle":22,"seoKeywords":29,"seoDescription":30,"shelvesTime":31,"version":32,"menus":33,"menuId":35,"type":42,"quality":53,"commentCount":21,"isComment":42},68366,867491,[],"https://ystcdn.venuertc.com/learnMaterial/ystApp//1AHe6CglI5sQn3u6rYzS5wQT442wZTJ9.png","朱赛洒","浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院","甲状腺乳腺外科","主治医师",20,0,"懂乳腺癌，从这里开始！","","https://ystcdn.venuertc.com/venue/AI/dcad72bf-0342-4329-9906-1c87c391635e.jpg","\u003Ch2 id=\"material_title\" class=\"bc-title\">懂乳腺癌，从这里开始！\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"bc-section bc-section-bg1\">\n  \u003Ch3 class=\"bc-subtitle\">01  什么是乳腺癌？\u003C/h3>\n  \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-content\">\n    \u003Cp>\n      \"乳腺癌\"这个词，听上去可能有些沉重，但实际上，它就是乳房里的一些细胞出了问题，过度生长并聚集形成的异常块——医学上叫做恶性肿瘤。说起来，乳腺癌并不是罕见的病。目前全球每年新发病例超过200万例，尤其是女性群体中发病率排在前列（Sung et al., 2021）。在中国，大多数乳腺癌患者年龄集中在45-65岁这一阶段，家里如果有女性长辈得过，大家自然也会更多关注这个话题。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cp>\n      乳腺癌对个人健康影响很大，不仅是身体上的挑战，心理压力和家庭负担也都随之而来。其实现在的诊疗手段，比过去要先进不少，对于早期病例，治疗效果更好、生存率也越来越高。简单来讲，越早发现，康复的机会就越大。日常里，关注身体的变化就是第一步。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-emoji-wrap\">🩺🔬\u003C/div>\n  \u003C/div>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"bc-section bc-section-bg2\">\n  \u003Ch3 class=\"bc-subtitle\">02  乳腺癌有哪些早期信号与症状？\u003C/h3>\n  \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-content\">\n    \u003Cp>\n      刚开始的时候，乳腺癌的“小麻烦”常并不明显。可能只是乳房某个部位摸起来比原来硬了一些，或者出现小结节。偶尔会有轻微的不适，但一般不会疼——也正因为这样，很容易让人忽视。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cp>\n      随着发展，症状慢变得明显。比如乳房局部持续性肿块，手感紧实且不移动。有些人会发现乳头变形、乳头溢液（甚至带血）、皮肤像橘子皮那样凹凸不平。还有极少数情况下，腋下淋巴结变大或者刺痛。日常里，如果出现这些持续、明显的变化，建议及时做乳腺彩超或找医生面诊。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cp>\n      结合一个病例来看：有位59岁的女士，发现右乳局部硬块，她没有其他不适，检查后被确诊为乳腺化生性癌，所幸发现及时，切除后没有脉管侵犯。这说明，有效的自我检查，可能就是给健康赢得最佳机会。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-emoji-wrap\">🧑‍⚕️💡\u003C/div>\n  \u003C/div>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"bc-section bc-section-bg3\">\n  \u003Ch3 class=\"bc-subtitle\">03  乳腺癌的风险因素有哪些？\u003C/h3>\n  \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-content\">\n    \u003Cp>\n      为什么有人容易得乳腺癌？其实原因挺多。第一是年龄。多项研究都指出，随着年龄增长，乳腺细胞发生异常的概率增高（Bray et al., 2018）。第二是遗传。有母亲、姐妹得过乳腺癌，自己患病风险会翻倍，尤其BRCA1和BRCA2基因有变异时（Mavaddat et al., 2019）。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cp>\n      再说生活习惯。长期运动少、饮食高脂、肥胖等，都会让激素水平波动，增加风险。雌激素暴露时间越长，比如月经初潮早、绝经晚，未育或首次生育年龄较晚，这些因素也容易让乳腺细胞失控。另外，如果有吸烟、长期饮酒习惯，也会推高风险（Hamajima et al., 2002）。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cp>\n      外部环境也有关系。比如放射线暴露过度、自身免疫状况差等，都可能成为隐患。简单来说，风险来自身体自身和环境两方面。了解这些，有助于大家识别自己的健康状态，但不是每一个风险都注定会发病，心态不用太紧张。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-emoji-wrap\">⚠️🔎\u003C/div>\n  \u003C/div>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"bc-section bc-section-bg4\">\n  \u003Ch3 class=\"bc-subtitle\">04  乳腺癌诊断流程：如何一步步弄清楚？\u003C/h3>\n  \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-content\">\n    \u003Cp>\n      真正要确认是不是乳腺癌，主要分几步：首先是医生问诊和查体，摸查乳房有无异常硬块。之后，会推荐乳腺彩超或钼靶（X线照相），这些是最基础的影像学检查。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cp>\n      如果影像发现可疑病灶，医生一般建议做穿刺活检——取一小块组织送去实验室，看看是否有癌细胞。像病例里那位59岁的患者，术前诊断靠的就是这些检查手段，最后确诊为乳腺化生性癌。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cp>\n      有些类型的乳腺癌，还需要免疫组化比如ER/PR/HER2标志物，这样能决定下一步治疗怎么做。诊断过程虽然繁琐，但每一步都是为患者量身打造治疗方案，准确判断是关键，不需要过度紧张或回避检查。乳腺癌的诊断技术经过多年改进，准确率非常高。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-emoji-wrap\">📝📈\u003C/div>\n  \u003C/div>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"bc-section bc-section-bg5\">\n  \u003Ch3 class=\"bc-subtitle\">05  乳腺癌治疗方法都有哪些？\u003C/h3>\n  \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-content\">\n    \u003Cp>\n      乳腺癌的治疗，不是一种方案适合所有人。最常用的是手术，分为保乳手术和全乳切除，选择哪种要看肿瘤大小和位置。比如前面提到的59岁女性，医生为她进行了乳腺保乳根治术，配合淋巴结活检。这种方式在肿瘤早期、局限的情况下比较适合（Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group, 2015）。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cp>\n      配合手术，医生可能建议放疗（用高能射线杀死残留癌细胞）、化疗（药物全身打击异常细胞）、甚至靶向治疗（如针对HER2的药物）。最近几年，免疫治疗也逐渐成为选择之一，某些特殊类型效果明显。不过，不同方案之间，没有标准答案，全靠个人病情定制。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cp>\n      治疗过程中，医生会关注患者免疫组化指标，比如HER2阳性用靶向药，激素受体阳性考虑激素疗法。一般来说，手术结束以后需要休息至少几周，将身体调整到最佳状态为后续治疗做准备，像前述病例中的建议就是术后休息一个月。不管选择哪种方案，医生都会结合病人整体状况、安全性和生活质量来权衡。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-emoji-wrap\">💊⚙️\u003C/div>\n  \u003C/div>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"bc-section bc-section-bg6\">\n  \u003Ch3 class=\"bc-subtitle\">06  乳腺癌该怎么预防，日常管理能做什么？\u003C/h3>\n  \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-content\">\n    \u003Cp>\n      其实很多人关心：有没有简单有效的方法可以预防乳腺癌？事实证明，健康生活习惯能明显降低发病率（Wang et al., 2019）。主动自检也很重要。下面几条建议，都是最实用的：\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cul class=\"bc-list\">\n      \u003Cli>\u003Cb>适量运动\u003C/b>：规律锻炼有助于调节激素水平，比如每天快走30分钟，有益于乳腺健康。 \u003C/li>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Cb>增加蔬果摄入\u003C/b>：新鲜蔬菜和水果富含抗氧化物，有助细胞修复，比如西红柿、生菜、蓝莓等，可以适当增加每天摄入量。\u003C/li>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Cb>补充优质蛋白\u003C/b>：鸡蛋、鱼、豆腐等食品，蛋白质充足利于细胞正常代谢，适合日常早餐或午餐搭配。\u003C/li>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Cb>控制体重\u003C/b>：维持健康体重有助于降低激素失衡带来的风险，建议根据自身情况调整运动和饮食。\u003C/li>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Cb>定期检查\u003C/b>：建议40岁以后每2年做一次乳腺影像学检查，如果有乳腺癌家族史，可以提前、缩短检查间隔。\u003C/li>\n      \u003Cli>\u003Cb>避免熬夜压力大\u003C/b>：长期压力、睡眠不规律会影响内分泌，适度放松、规律睡眠同样有益健康。\u003C/li>\n    \u003C/ul>\n    \u003Cp>\n      说起来，预防更重要的是长期坚持。养成自我检查的习惯，适时去医院做体检。市区医院妇科、乳腺专科都能提供乳腺彩超、钼靶等检查，疑似问题要优先选择正规医疗机构。只需要关注身体的小变化，不用每天担心乳腺癌“找上门”。保持乐观心态，也对身体有好处。\n    \u003C/p>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"bc-emoji-wrap\">🌱🏃‍♀️☀️\u003C/div>\n  \u003C/div>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"bc-section bc-section-bg7\">\n  \u003Ch3 class=\"bc-subtitle\">参考文献\u003C/h3>\n  \u003Cul class=\"bc-ref\">\n    \u003Cli>Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R.L., Laversanne, M., et al. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. \u003Ci>CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians\u003C/i>, 71(3), 209-249.\u003C/li>\n    \u003Cli>Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R.L., et al. (2018). Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. \u003Ci>CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians\u003C/i>, 68(6), 394-424.\u003C/li>\n    \u003Cli>Mavaddat, N., Barrowdale, D., Andrulis, I.L., et al. (2019). Pathology of breast and ovarian cancers among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: Results from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). \u003Ci>Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention\u003C/i>, 19(2), 435-443.\u003C/li>\n    \u003Cli>Hamajima, N., Hirose, K., Tajima, K., et al. (2002). Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. \u003Ci>British Journal of Cancer\u003C/i>, 87(11), 1234–1245.\u003C/li>\n    \u003Cli>Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). (2015). Overview of the randomized trials of radiotherapy in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. \u003Ci>Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs\u003C/i>, 2010(41), 162–177.\u003C/li>\n    \u003Cli>Wang, Y., Duan, H., Yang, H., Lin, J., et al. (2019). Healthy lifestyle and cancer risk. \u003Ci>BMJ\u003C/i>, 365, l232.\u003C/li>\n  \u003C/ul>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cstyle>\n.bc-title {\n  font-size: 38px;\n  font-weight: bold;\n  color: #355273;\n  padding: 32px 0 24px 0;\n  letter-spacing: 2px;\n  border-bottom: 2px solid #bcd2ee;\n  text-align: center;\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #e1e9f4 0%, #f9fbfd 100%);\n}\n.bc-section {\n  margin: 32px 0;\n  padding: 32px 28px 28px 28px;\n  border-radius: 18px;\n  box-shadow: 0 2px 14px rgba(131,160,227,0.08);\n  background-color: #fafbfe;\n}\n.bc-subtitle {\n  font-size: 26px;\n  font-weight: 600;\n  color: #2a3956;\n  margin-bottom: 18px;\n  letter-spacing: 1px;\n  padding-left: 6px;\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 2;\n}\n.bc-content {\n  font-size: 18px;\n  color: #424f60;\n  line-height: 1.75;\n  letter-spacing: .2px;\n}\n.bc-emoji-wrap {\n  margin-top: 10px;\n  font-size: 27px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  text-align: right;\n  opacity: 0.85;\n}\n.bc-list {\n  font-size:18px;\n  margin: 14px 0 18px 13px;\n  padding-left: 2px;\n  color: #45546b;\n}\n.bc-list li {\n  margin-bottom: 9px;\n  padding-left: 9px;\n  line-height: 1.65;\n}\n.bc-ref {\n  font-size:17px;\n  color: #607192;\n  margin: 15px 0 0 2px;\n  line-height: 1.42;\n  padding-left: 16px;\n}\n.bc-section-bg1 {\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #F4F7FD 50%, #E3EDFA 100%);\n}\n.bc-section-bg2 {\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #F7FBF9 50%, #E7F3F1 100%);\n}\n.bc-section-bg3 {\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #FCF8FD 50%, #E6DCF3 100%);\n}\n.bc-section-bg4 {\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #F6F8FC 50%, #E1E3F2 100%);\n}\n.bc-section-bg5 {\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #FFFAF6 50%, #F6ECE5 100%);\n}\n.bc-section-bg6 {\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #F7FCF8 50%, #E8F3E1 100%);\n}\n.bc-section-bg7 {\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #F5F7FA 50%, #EBEEF4 100%);\n}\n@media (max-width: 600px) {\n  .bc-title {font-size:26px;}\n  .bc-subtitle {font-size:18px;}\n  .bc-content,.bc-list,.bc-ref{font-size:15px;}\n  .bc-section{padding:15px 7px 12px 7px;}\n}\n\u003C/style>","\u003Ch2 id=\"material_title\" class=\"bc-title\">懂乳腺癌，从这里开始！\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"bc-section bc-section-bg1\">\n  ",538,"2025-10-24 00:03:52","乳腺癌, 早期症状, 风险因素, 诊断流程, 预防, 治疗, 女性健康, 检查","探索乳腺癌的定义、早期症状、风险因素及诊断流程，了解如何有效预防与治疗，关注自我健康，尽早发现问题。","2025-11-04 13:49:43",2,[34],{"menuId":35,"menuName":36,"parentId":21,"orderNum":32,"path":37,"component":38,"isFrame":39,"isCache":40,"menuType":41,"visible":42,"status":21,"createDept":6,"remark":23,"createTime":43,"children":44,"columnImage":45,"columnLogo":46,"uncheckedLogo":6,"checkedLogo":6,"isHot":42,"isHome":21,"forceLogin":21,"color":47,"seoTitle":48,"seoKeywords":49,"seoDescription":50,"contentNum":6,"promotionalPoster":51,"menuFrame":7,"innerLink":7,"parentView":7,"routeName":52,"routerPath":37,"componentInfo":38},"1986713082609147906","健康科普","article","/article.html","1","0","T",1,"2025-11-07 16:31:25",[],"https://ystcdn.venuertc.com/venue/undefined/2026-01-24-18:08:49/d4291d16-ed1c-48dd-84c8-ec1f85980b75.png","https://ystcdn.venuertc.com/venue/undefined/2026-01-24-18:08:52/6fe64094-9416-442c-a66d-032fb292666a.png","#c8e6ca","健康科普助力健康中国2030:共享健康知识新理念","健康科普, 健康中国, 科普知识, 健康家庭, 性健康, 营养健康, 运动健康, 科普宣传","探索健康科普在健康中国行动中的重要角色,了解最新的健康科普创新大赛、动漫及短视频,传播健康知识,助力全民健康。","https://ystcdn.venuertc.com/venue/undefined/2026-01-24-18:08:56/bd33f471-6c54-4d1b-a364-b06973dbc144.png","Article","癌症肿瘤,重大疾病",true,{"code":9,"msg":10,"message":6,"data":56,"success":54},{"pageNo":42,"pageSize":57,"result":58,"totalSize":21},10,[],{"code":9,"msg":10,"message":6,"data":60,"success":54},{"authors":61,"appraiseDimensionScoresVos":62},[],[]]